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1.
My Background and Experience in Aid Management
In my work as a humanitarian worker, stock trader, development
communication consultant and business man, I have attained experience in policy
analysis and development. I have directly participated in development or
conceptualizing of development programs, Resource mobilization and partially implemented
several projects in the whole of Uganda i.e. North, South, West, East and
Central Uganda, Kenya and India. It has provided me amicable hands on experience
and relevant knowledge on aid deployment and management. My projects have
ranged from;- A) Gender equity and
mainstreaming, FGM, sexual and gender violence and roles, Girls education and
promotion of Science Math and technology (SMT) for girls, Livelihoods and entrepreneurship
among women and adult literacy especially for the formerly conflict affected
areas etc B) Child protection;- Child mortality prevention, breast feeding and
child growth, Immunization and child health, safe schooling environment,
hygiene and sanitation, Menstrual Management, life skills and character
development for children, C) HIV/Aids
initiatives in both prevention and treatment. C) Health: Access to medical
services for common illnesses, prevention of malaria and provision of
insecticide treated mosquitoes nets, enabling construction of health centers in
rural and urban areas, sourcing for
drugs to stock rural hospitals, training
of nurses and midwives and traditional birth attendants, budgeting and
participation in policy formulation mechanisms for budget formulation D)
Education: Participated in implementation of a world bank schools facilities
grunt, assessment of school construction
and procurement monitoring, Child friendly schools facilities monitoring and
promotion throughout the country, curriculum development, incorporation of life
skills, personality and character development modules in education. E) Complex Emergency:- A range of several
other short term development programs in complex emergency situation in
response to the lords resistance army emergency conflict that are not limited to ; Camp management and
planning, School feeding programs,
Internally displaced people ( IDP ) feeding programs, Home based care support
for the elderly and extremely vulnerable groups in camps. F) Communication;
documentation in form of photography, film, documentaries and scripting the
stories of communities in conflict, development of donor reporting templates
and reports on use of funds, participate
in policy formulation and budgeting for aid at the United Nations level and
written advisory and policy reports. G) Stock trader: I do trade stock through
high frequency trading platforms (Currently using GCI trading brokerage
firm,Hong kong) that range from, commodities i.e. metals (Gold, Silver,
platinum etc and agricultural products, Features i.e. Oil, Nasdaq, Dow, FTSE,
Nikkei etc and International Currencies of major baskets. I have traded through
internationally recognized brokerage firms since 2008 and witnessed the
financial meltdown (trading through FXCM
brokerage firm at the time) H) As a business man, I have traded in
commodities i.e. ferried Matooke (Bananas) from rural communities to Kampala
city, it should be interesting to know that at least 300 lorries or Fusos as
the most commonly used form of produce transport vehicle enter into the city
with matooke every single day for city dwellers to buy and they never get tired
of it. I imported a fleet of
Motorcycles, of Senke brand from Congo into Uganda and distributed them among
unemployed men in the city suburbs of Kisenyi from which they were to pay atleast
four dollars (2007 -2009) every day at home. I bought at least 38
acres of land for agriculture purposes, undeveloped due to budget constraints.
J) Executive Director, Development Initiatives Africa: As a development
communication consultant I have written several projects papers in search for
Aid and written several academic advisory notes on issues of development and
poverty eradication based on my experience in consultancy and business, Worked
as a Sexual and gender based communication consultant for UNFPA, worked as a
lead communication consultant for an oil pipeline track running from Eldoret to
Kampala in partnership with Makerere institute of social research. Many of my
notes have been taken up and turned into policy instruments by African
governments, UN and several private sector business world over notably is the
advisory note to issue bonds for infrastructure development, an instrument that
has been taken up by several governments.
This kind of experience puts me in a position to provide hands
on account and advisory on where the bottle necks are in AID management.
2.
How Recipients should manage donors.
I will get straight into the discussion:
The question of "donor", "recipient" tagging
is both administrative and governance labeling that defines the roles,
expectations, duties and responsibilities of the two parties in a
relationship. I have learned that the
two parties i.e."Donors" and "Recipients" have over time
also identified individual strengths that they use as “Power" instruments
contrary to my first definition, creating a deadlock where projects are in
completed, time frame of the projects runs out, and sometimes management
changes over leaving no trace of policy continuity leading to failure and
wastage of resources in the end. AID comes with it's own strings attached for a
simple reason; it is tax payers money. The social/ cultural and political
structures are left weakened or sometimes strengthened through Aid. Several case studies can be sighted such as:-
the question of donors withholding funding due to unfriendly policies on homosexuality in several African countries,
withholding funding due to marginalization of some communities, with holding of
Aid due to rampant corruption etc. On the other hand recipient nations have
found Aid as a welcome tool in institutional development in sectors such as
health, Education, Judiciary, legislature, media etc
This analysis therefore provides ground for the question at
hand, " How should recipients
manage donors? I think beyond financing both donors and recipients should
be willing to agree on their responsibilities and duties, identify "Power
nodules" that will be used as strings on the part of recipients and donors. This may be noted in an addendum to
the project write up, while we shall have the TORs in most projects, the unsaid
power strings are usually not addressed or mentioned therefore providing ground
for future conflict. I therefore propose that a diplomatic addendum clearly stipulating
forseen areas of contention be written out providing mechanisms for conflict
resolution.
Case study one
An example of a
Diplomatic Addendum on Aid meant for resettlement of communities in an Oil
drilling areas: USA is providing Aid for
the resettlement of communities occupying Oil drilling areas; the addendum
could go ahead and point out that the strategic interest of USA in this
particular point is the Oil in question.
Once the Aid interferes with the policies of the Oil drilling as opposed
to resettlement then the project should be reviewed or referred to an
international arbiter.
Secondly I will slightly talk about the need for an intermediary
or an arbiter, if the project is from government to government then the involvement
of a regional office as an arbiter to oversee and check on the power problem
would be added advantage as long as the power nodules have been identified and
been clearly stipulated.
3. Proposed financial tools
i)
Bonds for infrastructure
I have proposed issuance of bonds for infrastructure development
as a new mechanism that developing countries and developed countries should
adapt for infrastructure development and it has been taken on by several
countries, refer to my notes 2009 -2008
published on this blog. I proposed this idea base on a case study from United
states of America during the construction of the Erie canal from New York in
the 1820, this canal was constructed from Albany to Buffalo a 363 mile
distance. The canal connected lake Erie to the Atlantic Ocean and today yet another
forty billion dollars canal project will be funded based on the bond for
infrastructure linking the pacific to the Atlantic ocean by the Chinese
government. This in my opinion provided
business incentive to development and limits corruption and improves resource management
because bond holders are in it for the profitability and the viability of the
infrastructure. However, it is worth
noting that infrastructure funded by bonds can also define the security
platform of a country. While there is mutual agreement between donor and recipients
nations, the case of bond holders is not subject to the same scrutiny but
decided in the open market, as such stakeholders with divergent interests to the
state could be at the same time majority share holders of the bonds creating a
security threat to the issuing nation, especially in some high risk
infrastructures such as the national energy grid. I therefore propose both a
security and financial assessment of these instruments before publicly being
offered. USA is currently grappling with a situation of China holding over one
trillion dollars of its bonds same as Japan and other countries such South
Korea, Philippines and Malaysia also holding some significant stakes of USA
state bonds. Currently japan has over taken china as the biggest holder of USA
bonds,holding over 1trillion four hundred billion USD.
ii)
Loans:
I will discuss the
question of loans in reference to issuance of bonds for development, while
loans are guaranteed by national governments; I have found them to be a source
of under development due to the high cost of money, volatile and high interest
charges on the loans due to the constant changing rate of international
currencies.
What does the high cost of money mean in this case? Usually
countries seek loans to fund budgetary deficits and some cases for
infrastructure development. Loans are usually quoted in international
currencies that are in constant change and yet the implementation and development
of these projects are quoted in local currencies which makes it cheaper in the
initial stages however the consumption and payment or interest that accrues to
the developed infrastructure is also valued in the local currency that is usually
weaker than international currencies hence the high cost of money in the long
run. Argentina that accrued billions of dollars debt in the early 2000s is currently struggling
with repayment of these debts based on the precise argument of high cost of
money then relative to today. In
comparison the bond holders or coupon holders are on a daily basis profiting or
loosing value creating a self sustaining debt management mechanism. Only in
extreme cases like the case of Greece, Spain etc where some bonds were reduced
to junk status that you find bond holders losing money.
iv)
Insurance
Insurance has played a fundamental role in financial management
for domestic consumers; we have also seen the flip side of insurance companies
in the financial systems failure also known as financial meltdown in 2008 -
2009 where mortgage backed loans and insured financial instruments led to a
catastrophic failure of the financial system. When you refer Aid to insurance
then I presume that the incidence of failure to repay or to complete projects
will be redoubled due to the hefty time lines that insurance companies
demand.
4.
Debt as a driver for Development
On the whole, debt has been a driver for development in many
parts of the world. The case of Japan that has coined abenomics that has quadrupled
its debt in relation to GDP, on the other hand provided financial incentives to
middle income ($10,000) families to
sustain consumption at the same time increasing taxes on retail and other
manufacturing sectors to increase revenue collection. Two scenarios of debt management
present themselves;- 1. The manufacturing industries have diversified
extensively outside Japan and found fertile grounds for investment outside the
economy, increasing the country’s gross national product (GNP). So, in essence
debt if produced from within a country by printing more fiat money then it is
within the bounds or control and management of the given nation, given the
right fiscal and monetary tools to manage inflation. However debt accrued due
to outside funding especially where the realms of development are completely
different say, developed and developing nation then the power struggles and
strings alluded to in my introduction come to bear.
Europe has showed another example of debt management where
countries have had their debt written off because the interests at stake are
much higher than the debt in question. This is unique for debt accrued from
countries at the same level of development. Germany has been footing a huge chunk
of the debt burdened countries in Europe however; its industry has equally been
buoyant due to the big market available for its products. Therefore, in this case indebted countries
have been a driver for development in one part of the country that is at the
time a member of the bigger Europe. This case is different for developing
countries that incur huge sums of debt from developed countries and yet they
experience poor terms of trade with them, creating a spiral of financial
imbalance that sees no real added value or return on borrowed funds due to the
multiplier effect of imported products being felt in exporting countries from
which the funds are borrowed.
5.
How should the donor system be organized and administered?
It is clear to me that Aid mismanagement has been attributed to recipient
countries also largely to the donor community based on some of the above
mentioned problems associated with it. It is my proposal therefore that the
donor community is reorganized to meet the new challenges of today’s recipient
needs.
The Donor System
a)
IMF and World Bank
This is the current donor system in place, International
Monitory Fund (IMF) holding about one trillion dollars in development Aid,
mandated to work with governments and regional bodies, World Bank holding about
three hundred billion in Development Aid mandated to work with nations and
regional bodies, and now the BRICS countries i.e. (Brazil, Russia, India, China
and South Africa) holding about one hundred billion in development Aid. Other
funding agencies such as the ASEAN, African Development Bank etc are also
holding enormous amounts of money.
b)
United Nations Systems
The IMF and world Bank feed into the UN Big five i.e. UNOCHA,
UNDP, WHO, WFP and UNICEF among other
agencies that are mandated to directly partner with governments and fund
international and national nongovernmental organization.
c)
International committee of the Red Cross
Holding the same mandate as the UN agencies is the international
rescue of the Red Cross that equally manages huge funds dedicated towards
humanitarian work, it is mandated to work with government and partner with
national and international NGOs. It appealed for CHF 988.7 million in
2013,(source, ICRC situation report ,
Appeals 2013)
d) Bilateral
and Multilateral agencies.
These are agencies that represent developed nations' foreign
assistance programs such as the department for international development (DFID),
USAID/OFFDA, JICA, NORDIC, Belgium cooperation etc. These agencies are mandated
by their governments and directly partner with governments, with international
NGOs and local NGOs.
e) Philanthropic
organizations such as the Bill and Melinda gates foundation, Rockefeller, Carnage,
welcome trust etc. In the same category are religious foundations and monarchical
funding agencies funded by various monarchies around the world. They are
mandated to work with international NGOs and local NGOs.
f) International
NGOs and Civil Society organizations
These agencies are internationally founded and work in various
parts of the world such include World vision, Green Peace, MSF, Child fund
international, Oxfam, IRC to mention but a few. They are mandated to partner
with host governments, national NGOs and local civil society organization at
the grass root level in various communities.
6. Select challenges facing AID
With the above structure it shall therefore be easy for us to
discuss some new ideas concerning reinventing Aid, but that should come along
the discussion of why AID in some cases has failed to work.
a) Experimental
and short spun AID programs
A number of projects are introduced in developing countries as experimental
programs. Developed nations usually want to test out new ideas or development
programs that are meant for their own economies, as such use poorer countries
are used as experimental areas for such programs, such programs usually last 5
to 10 years. Short spun programs, these are programs funded by usually first
world country presidents depending on the passion and agenda of their incumbent
leader. President Bill Clinton of USA was passionate about HIV/AIDs as such
several HIV/AIDs campaigns were started in developing countries especially
Africa and South East Asia. However, these programs lost steam as his
presidency came to an end so did the big funding programs such as global fund. A
new wave of programs in democracy and governance has swept across the world as
a new USA President Barrack Obama took office.
China announced about forty billion dollars of development Aid
to Africa in 2011 to support infrastructure development, Agriculture, mining
and transport networks. However, China is looking at its own domestic
production and consumer concerns, faced with a speedy industrial and
manufacturing sector the thirst for raw materials is high. Therefore Africa is
seen as a solution to some of these challenges. By 2012 China had surpassed
World Bank's investment and development Aid to Africa, just like it has
invested heavily in the mining sectors of Canada, Zambia, South Sudan, Chile,
Australia etc. This kind of AID has to be taken in context of the donating
countries needs, once another cheaper source of raw material is identified then
the interest also diminishes.
Such programs are usually characterized by readily available
quick money, corruption, nepotism and intensive research papers published and a
huge media and social marketing campaign. Politicians in recipient countries
usually know that the program are short term and therefore make the best of it
by engaging in the said vices.
b) Capital flight due procurements.
While Aid is meant to benefit recipient countries on several occasions
AID is repatriated to developed economies due to high cost procurements such as
computers, vehicles. Furniture, expatriates and industrial equipment. Some of
the bilateral agencies go as far insisting on procurements from their parent
countries for security reasons. I do therefore propose that governments or NGOs
entering into memorandum of understanding with donor countries should insist on
local procurements for at least a given percentage to support local industry
and businesses.
Solution to a and b
i)
Safety net as
pooled funds
I do propose a safety net in which countries should pool a given
percentage of the development AID received to curtail the challenge of program
failure especially for human development programs when AID is cut. African
Union for re in stance would be charged with the responsibility of collecting a
certain percentage of each donation that comes to the member country at a
national level and NGO level. The funds could be collected in sect oral pools
of say Education, Health, Energy, Agriculture, infrastructure, housing, etc.
once the donors stop funding some of the considered strategic programs in the
various countries then the afflicted country automatically launches an appeal
to African Union for continued funding from the pooled resource envelope that
is collected from all its member countries. The European Union has employed
this strategy through creation of the European stability mechanism that was set
up to bail out countries in crisis and it has worked, I participated in the
development of such a safety net for humanitarian resources in my previous
experience, where we pooled a given percentage of each project proposal funded
into a safety net to support its continuity once the aiding agency stopped or
fund the time lag in between new projects.
7.
Re inventing AID
I have proposed some ideas around new strategies based on international
trade and current trends in global trade. The model I am proposing serves the purpose
of creating channels for AID but also facilitating ways for business
development in international trade. It is therefore a trade driven AID
mechanism. I will propose four parameter through which AID should be channeled
and these are; Human development segment, Production countries segment,
Marketing countries segment and Consumer countries segment, Finance/ reserves and
infrastructure segment. This proposal does not mean that only the various
countries in a particular segment are responsible for donating to that
particular sector world over, however are responsible for managing, mapping out
the global needs in those sectors, providing financial tools and standards,
providing expertise, keeping account of the donor resources in the particular
sector and providing advisory to countries seeking funds or in a position to
venture in that particular sector.
1)
Producing countries segment.
In this segment, I pay specific attention to raw material
producing countries that range from mineral resources, agricultural resources
and technology. I propose that countries leading in raw material production in
sectors such as mining take the lead in organizing, developing aid transfer
schemes, expertise and coordinating Aid and development assistance to those sectors
for the rest of the world. An example of mining countries such as Australia,
South Africa, China, Chile, Ghana, Canada, Zambia, Russia, Norway etc are
coordinated into a consortium and mandated to support Aid assistance to needy
countries. The logic is that these countries have developed technologies,
systems and expertise over the years in managing their extractive industry therefore;
it would make sense to have them lead the effort in supporting other countries.
OPEC for example has played a role in organizing the oil industry. This segment
can be technically divided into other sectors such as industrial production and
technology.
2)
Marketing Countries segment.
The BRICS countries have already fallen in place. They are the most
populous states in the world hence creating the biggest consumer market. In my
opinion this segment should be charged with the responsibility of developing
and transferring their experience in market organization and creation
worldwide. Therefore, they would serve better in developing market infrastructure because
they have been doing it in their own countries and they are good at it. In a
discussion with one of my friends I proposed organizing and replacing the once
filthy markets with new international standard markets and indeed China has
invested heavily in the Ugandan market sector, building some of the most organized
market structures in the country, I had however proposed that the government
draws the plans for the markets, draws the complete budget and gives priority
to all the would be interested investors native to that area and have been
working in that market ground or place for a given period of time to invest a
specific amount as per quarters and then eventually failure to raise the required amount of money, it can open the procurement process to regional,
national and later international stake holders for the sake of ownership and sustainability. The consumer per capita for Coca cola is about 500 to 600
bottles per person in Brazil per year making it the biggest market for the coca
cola product therefore transferring their knowledge and experience would be a
big driver for Aid Management. This segment can be sub divided into several
sections such as logistics, ports, markets and transportation, refrigeration
systems, etc come to bear in this sector.
3) Consumer countries segment.
The consumer culture has been labeled America culture because of
their big consumer engine that has been developed over the years feeding into
huge media campaigns, Advertising, Public relations, Film, Music and the
gambling sector all driving the consumer to do nothing but consume more. Along
with other consumer countries I would therefore propose that the development of
consumer market infrastructure be led by countries that are good at it and have
been doing it for years. Development assistance aimed at developing these
sectors should come through such countries due to their wide experience and
expertise in that sector. This sector could be subdivided into are sectors such
as chain stores, financial and telecommunication consumer infrastructure etc.
4) Finance and Savings.
I do also propose that Aid aimed at developing the finance
sector and creating long lasting reserves for developing countries be taken up
and led by countries that have accumulated knowledge in managing global finance
and reserves. Countries such as the United Kingdom and their knowledge in
managing the Gold standard should come as added value to this sector. Several other countries with high sovereign
mutual funds such as Norway, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Japan can provide the
necessary infrastructure. Norway holding a sovereign fund of almost seven
hundred sixty billion dollars, Citi group holding over three hundred billion
for Arab countries, china holding about one trillion mutual fund and Japan with
a mutual reserve for the elderly of about one trillion dollars gives these
countries leverage in taking on the mantle to reorganize Aid that is meant for
the Finance sectors of recipient countries. Their advisory and technical support
comes in handy for countries struggling with issues of debt, savings and
reserves management.
4)
Human development
It is one of the most funded sectors in Africa with funds labeled as "Poverty alleviation"
funds dedicated to sectors such as Education, Health, Governance, Gender, Human
rights etc. Lead countries or already established institution like the United Nations
system can maintain the lead in this sector due to its enormous experience and
wide linkages to humanitarian agencies.
These proposals may sound like international trade and business
initiatives but in actual sense when well analyzed countries seek Aid to
develop their own human resources, to boost production and consumption ,governance
systems and create an enabling business environment for nationals and foreign
direct investments. It would therefore make perfect sense to reorganize Aid to
meet the exact needs of global trade, human development and finance.
8.
Aid Restrictions, Risk Assessment, National qualification criteria,
National borrowing limits and financial tools
Aid should not be limited to only poor countries especially
human development AID that responds to basic needs and human rights concerns.
Wealthy nations equally have poor people that slip through the policy and administrative
cracks of their systems. Such groups require a third party to support them. I
do however think that AID that is dedicated towards infrastructure development
as required by wealthy nations may strain the overall capacity of donor
agencies unless in extreme cases such as the recent financial meltdown where
IMF intervened in several wealthy countries. It should also be noted that for
diplomatic purposes wealthy nations may prefer to borrow from a neutral agency
such as the IMF to meet their internal short falls as opposed to approaching
other wealthy nations. Risk assessment mechanism may include and not limited
to;- analysis of a countries reserves, balance of payment, its progressive capacity in meeting budgetary deficits or
managing surplus budges, foreign direct investments attracted in a given
period, its financial security standing according to international standards or
rating agencies and the financial feasibility of the project for which it is
seeking funds. National qualification criteria will depend on the countries
human rights record, Security and the prior mentioned risk assessment
parameters. It is important to have caps beyond which each country may not
borrow to limit over dependence on Aid and suffocation of national
development. I do propose financial
tools that are aimed at accountability based on the consumer mechanism for
which the funds have been sought. If for example a country is seeking funds
from World Bank or the BRICS bank then the financial accountability tool should
be able to register the end user of the product e.g. electricity. I have found
this lacking in many of the financial assessment instruments; they usually
limit accountability to the government institution hence leaving a gap for
corruption.
9.
What should a poor country with a space program do to its
poor people?
All countries with a space program equally have poor people
therefore the two are not related,
however it is important to note that space exploration and the developments
that have taken place today serve both the wealthy and the poor. The
availability of radio waves, television and telecommunication systems serve all
of us through the gadgets that we use such as radios, televisions, phones etc.
Early warning signals in the environment and studies in climatic change serve
the whole of humanity. I believe that more can be achieved if the space
programs are well funded, they could be a solution to many of the challenges
that earth is facing. I therefore propose to developing countries not to be
left behind in the race for space exploration, as African countries are incurring
costs in royalty payments on satellites, drones etc for their telecommunication
and defense systems, investing in their own space programs would protect them
from dependence and be at par with the rest of the world.
10. Aid and Governance.
I alluded to this topic in my introduction, I believe that AID
should not be a used as an instrument of governing poorer nations otherwise
state sovereignty is undermined but also suffocates national interests, culture
and social welfare of independent states. Nigeria has had its AID cut because
of its non compromising stance on accepting homosexuality. The people that need
it are usually the less privileged. However it can be used in recipient
countries to support human rights interventions, support political dissent,
opposition groups, fund legislative, judiciary, media and other civil society
initiatives to bring about change from within a nation by its own people.
11. Allocation of Aid by recipient
countries
I have proposed above that AID should meet the production,
market, consumer and human development needs of recipient countries
unfortunately alot of AID for especially third world countries has been
dedicated towards the human development segment leaving the production,
marketing and consumer capacities of these states lacking. Therefore priorities
should be given to these segments in Aid allocation.
I will conclude by discussing the open data tool as a relevant
instrument in AID Management. We have seen how AID management was improved by
the introduction of the consolidated appeals process (CAP) in the UN system, a
process that I participated in developing and implimenting the system. This was done through all agencies
participating in vetting for a particular program that should be fund at a
cluster level or regional level, hence avoiding duplicity of programs in one
region by providing answers to Who is doing What, Where, When and by Whom, Who
is funding it and How much. I do propose as already mentioned that aid management
should be detailed to the level of end user or recipient. If it is a road built
by AID money, then it should be able to show through documentation the type of
goods and services transported on that route, number of cars using it etc., but
this can only be achieved if the aid component provides for a monitoring system
that captures the end user information. This initiative will hold governments
accountable.
CURRENT
ISSUES PARTINENT TO THIS PAPER (2015)
1.
Greece will take on a referendum (July 5, 2015) to decide on
whether its government should meet its creditors demands or not, it owes about
three hundred forty billion USD. Several
cases alluded to in this extract have played out in the greece sector.
2.
China one of the leading producers of Gold, several metals and
rare earths has been taken as the other country to join the current four UK
banks in determining the price of gold,
a sector that has been held by United kingdom for a several years.
3.
The World bank set up
panel of extractive countries to advise and provide technical assistance
to its extractive development aiding programs.
12. References:
- Media stories from an assortment of radio, television ie BBC,RT ( Max kaiser and stacy ) CCTV,CNN and Aljazeera (Counting the cost), Yahoo finance,www. bloomberg business, international media
- Stories from www. Yahoo.com/finance news, www. Bloomberg news, www. dailyfx.com, www.developmentinitiativesafrica blog
- Several other research papers read over the years
- Exeperience in several aid manangement tools development at international and national level.
This
paper was submitted to an essay contest by Global Development Network funded by
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2014, it has been edited and republished for Development
initiatives Africa blog 2015
Written and Photos by:
Byaruhanga
Edgar Walter
Executive
Director
Development
Initiatives Africa
Mobile:+256787459373, :+256712214592
Email: edgarbyaruhanga@yahoo.com
Facebook: Walter Edgar
Byaruhanga
Photos and Titles Adapted for this paper
Photo 1:
Prime Minister Alexis TSIPRAS
Conveys passionate Speech. My early knowledge of Greece from oedipus, socrates,pluto,sport to democracy. Academia is vital. Source: http://www.referendum2015gov.gr/en/
Photo 2: Women share their passion for feeding the little pure souls with the right milk,
Source: DIA Archives
Photo
3
:
Share your
passion for feeding babies the right milk
Photo4: UN Advocates for Greece,Source: http://www.referendum2015gov.gr/en/
